Six of those killed in the explosion on Saturday morning were foreign members of the group, it added, RT Arabic reported.
It took place at a mosque in the province’s Dolatabad area when Taliban members had gathered to learn how make landmines, the ministry said.
There has been no reaction from the Taliban to the news yet.
It came after at least four Afghan security forces members were killed in separate bomb blasts in eastern and southern provinces, amid a surge in clashes between the government forces and the Taliban.
A police spokesman said on Saturday that a Humvee packed with explosives targeted a police outpost, injuring seven police personnel in southern Kandahar province.
The bomb blast came after “18 Taliban terrorists were killed and 9 others were wounded” in an operation in Arghandab district of Kandahar province on Friday, according to the Defense Ministry.
Another blast targeted a police commander in the Chapa Dara district of eastern Kunar province, killing four local police personnel, including the commander, said a provincial police spokesman.
And three civilians were injured in a roadside bomb in Jalalabad, the capital of eastern Nangarhar province.
No group has claimed responsibility for the blasts.